Josephine Baker (June 3, 1906 - April 12, 1975), born Freda Josephine McDon… Read Full Bio ↴Josephine Baker (June 3, 1906 - April 12, 1975), born Freda Josephine McDonald, was an American-French dancer, actress and singer, sometimes known as "The Black Venus". Although born American, she became a French citizen in 1937.

Early life

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Carrie McDonald. Her father is identified as vaudeville drummer Eddie Carson by the official biography of her estate. She was of mixed ethnic background: Native American/African American. She descended from Apalachee Indians and Black slaves in South Carolina.[4] She started her career as a busker, dancing in the street as a child. She entered vaudeville joining the St. Louis Chorus at 15. She then headed toward New York City during the Harlem Renaissance, performing at the Plantation Club and in the chorus of the popular Broadway revues Shuffle Along (1921) and The Chocolate Dandies (1924). She performed as the last dancer in a chorus line, a position in which the dancer traditionally performed in a comic manner, as if they were unable to remember the dance, until the encore, at which point they would not only perform it correctly, but with additional complexity. Although she was later to claim that she went unnoticed in America, she was billed as "the highest-paid chorus girl in vaudeville."

On October 2, 1925, she opened in Paris at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where she became an instant success for her erotic dancing and for appearing practically nude on stage. After a successful tour of Europe, she reneged on her contract and returned to France to star at the Folies Bergère, setting the standard for her future acts. She performed wearing only high heels and a skirt made of bananas; she was often accompanied by her pet leopard, Chiquita, who was adorned with a diamond collar. The leopard frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding yet another element of excitement to the show.

Rise to fame

After a short while she was the most successful American entertainer working in France—whereas in the U.S., she would have suffered from the racial prejudices common to the era. Ernest Hemingway called her "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw." In addition to being a musical star, Baker also starred in several successful films, among them Zouzou (1934) and Princesse Tamtam (1935).

Upon marrying her manager Giuseppe Pepito Abatino—a Sicilian stonemason who passed himself off successfully as a Sicilian count—Baker transformed her stage and public persona into a sophisticated cultural figure. (The marriage was reportedly a publicity stunt and not legally binding.)

At this time she also scored her greatest song hit "J'ai deux amours" (1931) and became a muse for contemporary authors, painters, and sculptors including Langston Hughes, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Pablo Picasso.

She was so well-known and popular that even the Nazis, who occupied France during World War II were hesitant to cause her harm. In turn, this allowed Baker to show her loyalty to her adopted country by participating in the Underground. After the war, Baker was awarded the Croix de Guerre for her underground activity.

Yet despite her popularity in France, she was never really able to obtain the same reputation at home. Upon a visit to the United States in 1936, she starred in a failed version of the Ziegfeld Follies (being replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee later in the run); her personal life similarly suffered, and she went through six marriages, some legal, some not. During this time, when Baker returned to the United States, she was allegedly at a dinner party and began to speak in French as well as English with a French accent. An African-American maid was reputed to tell her, "Honey, you is full of shit. Speak the way yo' mouth was born". She had the woman fired.[citation needed]

In 1973, Josephine Baker opened at Carnegie Hall to a standing ovation. She wept openly onstage in response to the warm welcome.

Civil rights involvement

Though based in France, she supported the American Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s, and protested racism in her own unique way, adopting twelve multi-ethnic orphans, whom she called her "Rainbow Tribe." She also integrated several places in the United States and worked with the NAACP.[citation needed] For some time she lived with all of her children and an enormous staff in a castle (Les Milandes in the Dordogne) in France. (Baker had only one child of her own, stillborn in 1941, an incident that precipitated an emergency hysterectomy.)

On tours of the United States, she refused to perform in segregated nightclubs, and her insistence on mixed audiences helped to integrate shows in Las Vegas, Nevada. Nevertheless, her career was on a downturn and she was near bankruptcy until she was bailed out and given an apartment by her close friend, Princess Grace of Monaco, another expatriate American living in Europe.

During her life, she was also a great figure of the French freemasonry,[citation needed] fighting for freedom, civil rights, equality and against racism in France and other countries.

Death

On April 8, 1975, her fortunes seemed to be turning to the better when she was the star of a retrospective show at Club Bobino in Paris, Joséphine, celebrating her fifty years in the theater. The show opened to rave reviews. She died of a cerebral hemorrhage less than a week later at the age of 68 and was cremated. She was found lying peacefully in her bed surrounded by newspapers with glowing reviews of her performance.

She became the first American-born woman to receive French military honors at her funeral, which was held at L'Église de la Madeleine. Paris came to a standstill on the day of her funeral and 20,000 filled the streets to watch her procession. She was interred at the Cimetière de Monaco. "Place Josephine Baker" in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris was named in her honor. She has also been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

Marriages and relationships

Josephine Baker went through six marriages:

* Foundry worker Willie Wells (1919, divorced)
* Pullman porter William Howard Baker (1921, divorced)
* Giuseppe Pepito Abatino (1926, publicity stunt, not legally binding)
* French sugar magnate Jean Lion (1937-1940, divorced)
* French orchestra leader Jo Bouillon (1947, separated 1957, eventually divorced)
* American artist Robert Brady (1928-1986, married 1973, also not legally binding, separated 1974).

There is also some speculation that Josephine Baker was bisexual. Most notably Josephine was linked with Mexican cultural surrealist Frida Kahlo, who was married to Communist revolutionary artist Diego Rivera. Some believe that one of the lesbian lovers depicted in the film Frida, a simple yet provocative shot of a beautiful black lounge songstress in France, is a portrayal of Baker.

Baker wrote several autobiographies, each containing a different story about her family and career.

Sans Amour
Josephine Baker Lyrics

Jump to: Overall Meaning ↴ Line by Line Meaning ↴

Dans ce grand Paris
Si loin de mon pays
De longs mois
Oui, j'ai vécu
Ainsi qu'un oiseau perdu
Je cherchais en vain
A oublier mon chagrin
Maintenant je sais

Ce que j'étais

Sans amour
Sans une seule caresse
Sans amour
Sans l'ombre d'une tendresse
Sans un coeur
Pour partager ma détresse
Nul espoir
D'être bercée chaque soir

Je ne regrette pas
Ma savane et mon ciel de là-bas
Ma forêt, mes ruisseaux
La chanson des roseaux

Plus que tout
Ce qui faisait ma tristesse
Nuit et jour
C'est que j'étais sans amour

Sans amour
Sans une seule caresse
Sans amour
Même pas l'ombre d'une tendresse
Sans un coeur, pas un coeur
Pour partager ma détresse
Nul espoir, pas d'espoir
D'être bercée chaque soir

Je ne regrette pas
Ma savane et mon ciel de là-bas
Ma forêt , mes ruisseaux
La chanson des roseaux

Plus que tout
Ce qui faisait ma tristesse

Nuit et jour
C'est que j'étais sans amour.

Overall Meaning

The lyrics of Josephine Baker's song Sans Amour (Without Love) express the anguish of being far from her country, in the great city of Paris. She has spent months there, feeling lost and searching in vain for a way to forget her sorrow. The absence of love, tenderness, and comfort in her life is the source of her sadness. She longs for someone to share her distress with, someone to soothe her every night. Although she misses her homeland, its sky, forest, and streams, the thing that pains her the most is being without love.

The repetition of the phrase "sans amour" creates a haunting theme throughout the song. It emphasizes the emptiness and loneliness that Josephine Baker feels without love. She recognizes that being without love does not mean being without physical pleasure, as she refers to receiving no caresses. Love, however, encompasses more than physical touch, she alludes to its emotional dimensions that provide hope and comfort in times of despair. Her deeply yearning voice expresses her anguish, making this song a classic example of a torch song. It moves beyond the romantic aspects of love to the universal desire we all feel for connection and belonging.

Line by Line Meaning

Dans ce grand Paris
In this great Paris

Si loin de mon pays
So far from my country

De longs mois
For long months

Oui, j'ai vécu
Yes, I have lived

Ainsi qu'un oiseau perdu
Like a lost bird

Je cherchais en vain
I was searching in vain

A oublier mon chagrin
To forget my sorrow

Maintenant je sais
Now I know

Ce que j'étais
What I was

Sans amour
Without love

Sans une seule caresse
Without a single caress